PIC18F and PyUSB

I finally got a clearer idea on how to use the PyUSB libray. PyUSB is simply a python binding/wrapper for libusb. There are only few examples of python scripts I found on the net regarding the use of PyUSB. Also, the documentation for PyUSB is not that comprehensive yet.

On the USB device side, fortunately, Microchip has provide a LibUSB example for their PICDEM Full Speed USB demo board. Aside from the firmware for the PIC18F4550 family (includes PIC18F2550), they also provided a simple demo (Windows) application (with source codes for MSVC++ and Qt). It's a good opportunity to study LibUSB library along its generic usb device driver.
After some trial&errors on my python script, I finally made my PyQt GUI program working. (Most of my mistakes on the PyUSB module usage were the incorrect types of arguments used in the pyusb functions).

Below is my proto circuit. Basically it's the same circuit I used in my PIC18F2550 USB HID Mouse project. I only added two LEDs on RB0 and RB1 pins of pic18f2550. I also included a 10k potentiometer on RA0 pin (ADC ANA0).

I made a minimal modification on the LibUSB example firmware by Microchip so that it will be compatible with PyUSB demo python script:

 /*   
 Filename: main.c  
 */  
   
 /** INCLUDES *********************/  
 #include "Compiler.h"  
 #include "HardwareProfile.h"  
 #include "GenericTypeDefs.h"  
 #include "USB/usb_device.h"  
 #include "USB/usb.h"  
 #include "USB/usb_function_generic.h"  
 #include "usb_config.h"  
   
 /** CONFIGURATION ****************/  
 #pragma config PLLDIV  = 5     // (20 MHz crystal on PICDEM FS USB board)  
 #pragma config CPUDIV  = OSC1_PLL2    
 #pragma config USBDIV  = 2     // Clock source from 96MHz PLL/2  
 #pragma config FOSC   = HSPLL_HS  
 #pragma config FCMEN  = OFF  
 #pragma config IESO   = OFF  
 #pragma config PWRT   = OFF  
 #pragma config BOR   = ON  
 #pragma config BORV   = 3  
 #pragma config VREGEN  = ON   //USB Voltage Regulator  
 #pragma config WDT   = OFF  
 #pragma config MCLRE  = ON  
 #pragma config LPT1OSC = OFF  
 #pragma config PBADEN  = OFF  
 #pragma config STVREN  = ON  
 #pragma config LVP   = OFF  
 #pragma config XINST  = OFF    // Extended Instruction Set  
 #pragma config CP0   = OFF  
 #pragma config CP1   = OFF  
 #pragma config CPB   = OFF  
 #pragma config WRT0   = OFF  
 #pragma config WRT1   = OFF  
 #pragma config WRTB   = OFF    // Boot Block Write Protection  
 #pragma config WRTC   = OFF  
 #pragma config EBTR0  = OFF  
 #pragma config EBTR1  = OFF  
 #pragma config EBTRB  = OFF  
   
 /** VARIABLES ******************************************************/  
 #pragma udata USB_VARIABLES=0x500  
   
 unsigned char OUTPacket[64];     //User application buffer for receiving and holding OUT packets sent from the host  
 unsigned char INPacket[64];          //User application buffer for sending IN packets to the host  
 #pragma udata  
   
 USB_HANDLE USBGenericOutHandle;  
 USB_HANDLE USBGenericInHandle;  
 #pragma udata  
   
 /** PRIVATE PROTOTYPES *********************************************/  
 static void InitializeSystem(void);  
 void USBDeviceTasks(void);  
 void YourHighPriorityISRCode(void);  
 void YourLowPriorityISRCode(void);  
 void ProcessIO(void);  
   
 /** VECTOR REMAPPING ***********************************************/  
 #define REMAPPED_RESET_VECTOR_ADDRESS               0x00  
 #define REMAPPED_HIGH_INTERRUPT_VECTOR_ADDRESS     0x08  
 #define REMAPPED_LOW_INTERRUPT_VECTOR_ADDRESS     0x18  
   
 #pragma code REMAPPED_HIGH_INTERRUPT_VECTOR = REMAPPED_HIGH_INTERRUPT_VECTOR_ADDRESS  
 void Remapped_High_ISR (void)  
 {  
      _asm goto YourHighPriorityISRCode _endasm  
 }  
 #pragma code REMAPPED_LOW_INTERRUPT_VECTOR = REMAPPED_LOW_INTERRUPT_VECTOR_ADDRESS  
 void Remapped_Low_ISR (void)  
 {  
      _asm goto YourLowPriorityISRCode _endasm  
 }  
   
 #pragma code       
 //These are your actual interrupt handling routines.  
 #pragma interrupt YourHighPriorityISRCode  
 void YourHighPriorityISRCode()  
 {  
      USBDeviceTasks();  
 }     //This return will be a "retfie fast", since this is in a #pragma interrupt section   
 #pragma interruptlow YourLowPriorityISRCode  
 void YourLowPriorityISRCode()  
 {  
 }  
   
 /** DECLARATIONS ***************************************************/  
 #pragma code  
   
 //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////  
 void main(void)  
 {    
   InitializeSystem();  
      USBDeviceAttach();  
   while(1)  
   {  
     ProcessIO();      
   }  
 }  
   
 static void InitializeSystem(void)  
 {  
      ADCON1 |= 0x0F;         // Default all pins to digital  
     
      USBGenericOutHandle = 0;       
      USBGenericInHandle = 0;            
   
   InitLEDs();  
      InitPot();  
   USBDeviceInit();     //usb_device.c. Initializes USB module SFRs and firmware variables to known states.  
 }  
   
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////  
 void ProcessIO(void)  
 {  
   if((USBDeviceState < CONFIGURED_STATE)||(USBSuspendControl==1)) return;  
   if(!USBHandleBusy(USBGenericOutHandle))          //Check if the endpoint has received any data from the host.  
   {    
     switch(OUTPacket[0])     //Data arrived, check what kind of command might be in the packet of data.  
     {  
       case 0x80: // toggle LED1 (command from PC application)  
                     LED1 = !LED1;  
         break;  
       case 0x82: // toggle LED2  
                     LED2 = !LED2;  
         break;  
       case 0x81: //Get potentiometer position  
                     adc_status = 1;               // start a/d conversion  
         INPacket[0] = 0x81;  
                     while(adc_status);          // wait for the a/d conversion to complete (or use interrupt)  
                     INPacket[1] = ADRESH;     //read only 8-bit adc value (left justified)  
         if(!USBHandleBusy(USBGenericInHandle))            
                          USBGenericInHandle = USBGenWrite(USBGEN_EP_NUM,(BYTE*)&INPacket,USBGEN_EP_SIZE);       
         break;  
     }  
       
     USBGenericOutHandle = USBGenRead(USBGEN_EP_NUM,(BYTE*)&OUTPacket,USBGEN_EP_SIZE);  
   }  
 }//end ProcessIO  
   
   
 /*********** USB Callback Functions ****************/  
 void USBCBSuspend(void)  
 {       
 }  
   
 void USBCBWakeFromSuspend(void)  
 {  
 }  
   
 void USBCB_SOF_Handler(void)  
 {  
 }  
   
 void USBCBErrorHandler(void)  
 {  
 }  
   
 void USBCBCheckOtherReq(void)  
 {  
 }  
   
 void USBCBStdSetDscHandler(void)  
 {  
 }  
   
 void USBCBInitEP(void)  
 {  
   USBEnableEndpoint(USBGEN_EP_NUM,USB_OUT_ENABLED|USB_IN_ENABLED|USB_HANDSHAKE_ENABLED|USB_DISALLOW_SETUP);  
   USBGenericOutHandle = USBGenRead(USBGEN_EP_NUM,(BYTE*)&OUTPacket,USBGEN_EP_SIZE);  
 }  
   
 void USBCBSendResume(void)  
 {  
   static WORD delay_count;    
   USBResumeControl = 1;        // Start RESUME signaling    
   delay_count = 1800U;        // Set RESUME line for 1-13 ms  
   do{  
     delay_count--;  
   }while(delay_count);  
   USBResumeControl = 0;  
 }  
   
 BOOL USER_USB_CALLBACK_EVENT_HANDLER(USB_EVENT event, void *pdata, WORD size)  
 {  
   switch(event)  
   {  
     case EVENT_CONFIGURED:   
       USBCBInitEP();  
       break;  
     case EVENT_SET_DESCRIPTOR:  
       USBCBStdSetDscHandler();  
       break;  
     case EVENT_EP0_REQUEST:  
       USBCBCheckOtherReq();  
       break;  
     case EVENT_SOF:  
       USBCB_SOF_Handler();  
       break;  
     case EVENT_SUSPEND:  
       USBCBSuspend();  
       break;  
     case EVENT_RESUME:  
       USBCBWakeFromSuspend();  
       break;  
     case EVENT_BUS_ERROR:  
       USBCBErrorHandler();  
       break;  
     case EVENT_TRANSFER:  
       Nop();  
       break;  
     default:  
       break;  
   }     
   return TRUE;   
 }  

then, the generated hex code for PIC18F2550 device using C18 compiler:

 :020000040000FA  
 :060000008AEF0AF0120075  
 :0600080073EF08F0120086  
 :06001800BEEF08F012002B  
 :02002A000000D4  
 :04002C00D9CFE6FF43  
 :10003000E1CFD9FFE6526A6A686A160E6F6E9F0EAC  
 :100040006B6E7B0E696E6D8C6E6A000EE66EE66AF4  
 :10005000E66A710EE66E0F0EE66E70EC0AF00B6E3D  
 :10006000050EE15E0B506D9CDF6ADF500B6E0C6A73  
 :10007000080E0B5C000E0C5810E2DF50040DF3CF9D  
 :10008000E9FFF4CFEAFF000EE926040EEA22EE6A49  
 :10009000EE6AEE6AEE6ADF2AE8D7160E706E68A680  
 :1000A0000CD0030EE66E680EE66E0F0EE66E39ECAF  
 :1000B00008F0E552E552E552F2D70001736B786B18  
 :1000C000796B7A6B6D98080E6B6F040E6C6F616BB9  
 :1000D000606BE552E552E7CFD9FF1200D9CFE6FFBA  
 :1000E000E1CFD9FFE6520001600507E16DBA05D006  
 :1000F000686A69806988020E606F6850040B0FE0BF  
 :100100006950040B0CE0020EE66E680EE66E0F0EF0  
 :10011000E66E39EC08F0E552E552E552E9D86DA2F9  
 :1001200002D0A19AA1D06850010B1BE06950010BCD  
 :1001300018E07CDF0001040E606F0401200E026FE6  
 :10014000040E036F080E016F006B8C0E0013E66A3D  
 :10015000680EE66E0F0EE66E39EC08F0E552E552D9  
 :10016000E5526850100B0FE06950100B0CE0A4D85A  
 :10017000040EE66E680EE66E0F0EE66E39EC08F0C1  
 :10018000E552E552E5526850400B1DE06950400BC6  
 :100190001AE0010EE66EE66A000EE66EE66A020EF0  
 :1001A000E66EE66A7DEC09F00B6E060EE15E0B5022  
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 :1001C000E552E552E5526850200B04E06950200BDF  
 :1001D00001E04FD86850020B12E06950020B0FE0AB  
 :1001E000010EE66EE66A000EE66EE66AE668E6680E  
 :1001F0007DEC09F00B6E060EE15E0B506A6A040E90  
 :100200000001605D02E2A19A2FD069A62CD0DF6ABE  
 :10021000040EDF5C28E268A625D06CCF80F0030EC8  
 :10022000E66E680EE66E0F0EE66E39EC08F0E552EB  
 :10023000E552E552780E0001801502E178D810D021  
 :10024000000EE66EE66A800EE66E000EE66E010EA9  
 :10025000E66EE66A7DEC09F00B6E060EE15E0B5071  
 :10026000DF2AD6D700D0A19AE552E552E7CFD9FFD1  
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 :1002B000E552E552E55212006984040EE66E680EBE  
 :1002C000E66E0F0EE66E39EC08F0E552E552E552A7  
 :1002D0006D82000EE66EE66AE66EE66A040EE66E73  
 :1002E000E66A7DEC09F00B6E060EE15E0B50120023  
 :1002F000000EE66EE66AE66EE66A030EE66EE66AF3  
 :100300007DEC09F00B6E060EE15E0B506D92699468  
 :1003100068A40CD0020EE66E680EE66E0F0EE66E56  
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 :1004400009F00B6E060EE15E0B5079EF04F0020E20  
 :100450000001705D02E1ADDB1FD06CD8000181515D  
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 :1004700065C0E9FF66C0EAFF020EE926000EEA2227  
 :10048000200EEE6E040EED6E65C0E9FF66C0EAFF59  
 :100490008C0EEF6E01D0816B1200D9CFE6FFE1CF59  
 :1004A000D9FFE6526BC0E9FF6CC0EAFFEF50400B8A  
 :1004B00001E0010EDF6E00016B75080E605D0AE160  
 :1004C00022C46EFF6E50000803E2100E606F02D06F  
 :1004D000040E606F700528E16BC0E9FF6CC0EAFF95  
 :1004E000020EE926000EEA22280EEE6E040EED6ED4  
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 :10059000E16EE552E7CFD9FF120004012051600B54  
 :1005A000E842E842E842E842E842000901E058D067  
 :1005B00021510C0A54E00B0A43E00C0A35E0010A11  
 :1005C00026E00B0A22E0020A20E0030A1CE0080AE7  
 :1005D00010E0010A0CE00F0A08E0030A01E03FD036  
 :1005E0000001738F080E606F3BD0C8D839D07FDB15  
 :1005F00037D00001610E716F000E726F7381010EB2  
 :10060000746F738F2DD014D92BD02BD829D02451AF  
 :100610000001716F726B620E7127000E722373817D  
 :10062000010E746F738F1CD00001738F040124516D  
 :10063000EA6A620FE96E000EEA2222C4EFFF10D0D0  
 :10064000000EE66EE66AE66EE66A160EE66EE66A8C  
 :100650007DEC09F00B6E060EE15E0B5001D000D070  
 :100660001200D9CFE6FFE1CFD9FF040EE126040145  
 :10067000220510E120511F0B00090CE10001738FCE  
 :10068000030E0401215D04E10001010E7F6F02D021  
 :1006900000017F6B0401225167E120511F0B02080A  
 :1006A00063E124510F0B00095FE00001738F040127  
 :1006B00024BF10D024510F0BE96EEA6AD890E936B6  
 :1006C000EA36670EE926000EEA22EECFDEFFEDCF16  
 :1006D000DDFF0FD024510F0BE96EEA6AD890E9369E  
 :1006E000EA366B0EE926000EEA22EECFDEFFEDCFF2  
 :1006F000DDFF030E215D07E1DECFE9FFDDCFEAFF7D  
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 :10072000020EDBCFE9FF030EDBCFEAFFEE90ED52C6  
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 :10075000E9FFDDCFEAFF880EEF6EDF74DECFE9FF41  
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 :10077000E552E16EE552E7CFD9FF1200800E040189  
 :10078000205D55E10001C00E736F04012351030A7F  
 :100790002EE0010A0EE0030A03E00001736B47D06C  
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 :1007B0003ED02251F66EF76AD890F636F7363A0EEA  
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 :1007D00072F0020E0001F76A7125F66E7251F7226F  
 :1007E0000900F5CF74F00A00F5CF75F020D0030EA4  
 :1007F000225D1AE22251F66EF76AD890F636F73685  
 :100800003C0EF626140EF7220900F5CF71F00A000F  
 :10081000F5CF72F071C0F6FF72C0F7FF0800F55017  
 :100820000001746F756B02D00001736B00D0120071  
 :10083000D9CFE6FFE1CFD9FF020EE1260401286BF4  
 :10084000296B20511F0B020A12E0030A0DE0010A76  
 :1008500001E03BD00001738F0401288100017F0576  
 :1008600002E10401288331D00001738F2ED00001F2  
 :10087000738F040124BF10D024510F0BE96EEA6A74  
 :10088000D890E936EA36670EE926000EEA22EECF66  
 :10089000DEFFEDCFDDFF0FD024510F0BE96EEA6ACA  
 :1008A000D890E936EA366B0EE926000EEA22EECF42  
 :1008B000DEFFEDCFDDFFDECFE9FFDDCFEAFFEF505A  
 :1008C000040B02E0010E286F00D0000173AF07D0C7  
 :1008D000280E716F040E726F7381020E746F020E18  
 :1008E000E15C02E2E16AE552E16EE552E7CFD9FF51  
 :1008F00012006D98000173BF4AD078AF28D0020E65  
 :10090000706F6BC0E9FF6CC0EAFFEE52EF6A6BC01C  
 :10091000E9FF6CC0EAFFC80EEF6E65C0E9FF66C074  
 :10092000EAFFEE52080EEF6E65C0E9FF66C0EAFF0F  
 :10093000020EE926000EEA22280EEE6E040EED6E7F  
 :1009400065C0E9FF66C0EAFFC80EEF6E1FD065C044  
 :10095000E9FF66C0EAFFEE52080EEF6E65C0E9FFE0  
 :1009600066C0EAFF020EE926000EEA22200EEE6EB5  
 :10097000040EED6E65C0E9FF66C0EAFF8C0EEF6EF7  
 :100980006BC0E9FF6CC0EAFF840EEF6E86D078BFC3  
 :1009900084D0040120AF59D0000174510401265DB8  
 :1009A000000175510401275904E226C474F027C4DC  
 :1009B00075F074D80001010E706F65C0E9FF66C064  
 :1009C000EAFFEE52080EEF6E65C0E9FF66C0EAFF6F  
 :1009D000020EE926000EEA22200EEE6E040EED6EE7  
 :1009E00065C0E9FF66C0EAFF800EEF6E816B63C0F1  
 :1009F000E9FF64C0EAFFEE52080EEF6E63C0E9FF44  
 :100A000064C0EAFF020EE926000EEA22200EEE6E16  
 :100A1000040EED6E63C0E9FF64C0EAFF840EEF6E62  
 :100A2000010E816F6BC0E9FF6CC0EAFF020EE92680  
 :100A3000000EEA22280EEE6E040EED6E6BC0E9FF8A  
 :100A40006CC0EAFFC80EEF6E28D00001020E706F76  
 :100A50006BC0E9FF6CC0EAFFEE52EF6A6BC0E9FFC2  
 :100A60006CC0EAFFC80EEF6E65C0E9FF66C0EAFF22  
 :100A7000EE52080EEF6E65C0E9FF66C0EAFF020E97  
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 :100BA000E15C02E2E16AE552E16EE552E7CFD9FF8E  
 :100BB0001200D9CFE6FFE1CFD9FF020EE12663C0D4  
 :100BC000E9FF64C0EAFFEE52EFCFDFFFDFCF0BF0AB  
 :100BD0000B500001795D000E7A5903E279C0DFFF06  
 :100BE00009D0DF500B6E0C6A0B50795D796F0C5099  
 :100BF0007A597A6F010EDB6ADF50F36E010EDBCF9C  
 :100C0000F4FFF350F45C16E2010EDB50EA6A280FA1  
 :100C1000E96E040EEA22EF50E66E76C0E9FF77C077  
 :100C2000EAFF762B000E7723E552E750EF6E010EB8  
 :100C3000DB2AE2D7000ED8807955000E7A5528E2DB  
 :100C400065C0E9FF66C0EAFFEE52080EEF6E65C0B0  
 :100C5000E9FF66C0EAFF020EE926000EEA22280E2E  
 :100C6000EE6E040EED6E63C0E9FF64C0EAFFEF5064  
 :100C7000400B07E165C0E9FF66C0EAFFC80EEF6EF2  
 :100C800006D065C0E9FF66C0EAFF880EEF6E25D08A  
 :100C900065C0E9FF66C0EAFFEE52080EEF6E65C060  
 :100CA000E9FF66C0EAFF020EE926000EEA22200EE6  
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 :01000900C036  
 :01000A000FE6  
 :01000B00E014  
 :01000C000FE4  
 :01000D0040B2  
 :00000001FF  

here's my python script for PyUSB (also uses PyQt for the GUI):

 ###########################################  
 # PyUSB and PIC18F2550 demo  (first revision)    #  
 # Julius 'yus' Constante    Nov. 21, 2009         #  
 ###########################################  
   
 import sys, usb  
 from PyQt4.QtCore import *  
 from PyQt4.QtGui import *  
   
 class UsbPic:  
   def __init__(self, vendor_id, product_id):  
     busses = usb.busses() # enumerate busses  
     self.handle = None  
     for bus in busses:  
       devices = bus.devices  
       for dev in devices:  
         if dev.idVendor==vendor_id and dev.idProduct==product_id: # device matches  
           self.dev = dev  
           self.conf = self.dev.configurations[0]  
           self.intf = self.conf.interfaces[0][0]  
           self.endpoints = []  
           for endpoint in self.intf.endpoints:  
             self.endpoints.append(endpoint)  
           return  
       
   def open(self):  
     if self.handle:  
       self.handle = None  
     try:  
       self.handle = self.dev.open()  
       self.handle.detachKernelDriver(0)  
       self.handle.detachKernelDriver(1)  
       self.handle.setConfiguration(self.conf)  
       self.handle.claimInterface(self.intf)  
       self.handle.setAltInterface(self.intf)  
       return True  
     except:  
       return False  
   
   def write(self, ep, buff, timeout = 100):  
     try:  
       return self.handle.interruptWrite(ep, buff, timeout) #return bytes written  
     except:  
       return 0  
   def read(self, ep, size, timeout = 100):  
     try:  
       return self.handle.interruptRead(ep, size, timeout) # return data read  
     except:  
       return []  
   def getDeviceName(self):  
     return self.handle.getString(2, 40)  
       
 class SimpleForm(QDialog):  
   def __init__(self, parent = None):  
     super(SimpleForm, self).__init__(parent)  
     self.setWindowTitle('PIC18F and PyUSB')  
     self.setMinimumSize(270, 180)  
     # create widgets/controls  
     self.connect_btn = QPushButton('Connect')  
     self.toggle1_btn = QPushButton('Toggle LED1')  
     self.toggle2_btn = QPushButton('Toggle LED2')  
     self.pot_position = QDial()  
     self.pot_label = QLabel('Potentiometer Position')  
     self.status_label = QLabel('   press "Connect" button')  
     self.update_timer = QTimer()  
     # form layout and widgets location  
     layout = QGridLayout()  
     layout.addWidget(self.connect_btn, 9, 0, 2, 1)  
     layout.addWidget(self.pot_position, 0, 0, 8, 7)  
     layout.addWidget(self.pot_label, 8, 0, 1, 7)  
     layout.addWidget(self.toggle1_btn, 4, 7)  
     layout.addWidget(self.toggle2_btn, 5, 7)  
     layout.addWidget(self.status_label, 9, 1, 2, 7)  
     self.setLayout(layout)  
     # widgets initial condition  
     self.toggle1_btn.setEnabled(False)  
     self.toggle2_btn.setEnabled(False)  
     self.pot_position.setEnabled(False) #read only  
     self.pot_position.setNotchesVisible(True)  
     self.pot_position.setRange(0, 255) # for PIC 8-bit ADC value  
     self.pot_label.setAlignment(Qt.AlignHCenter)  
     # signals  
     self.connect(self.connect_btn, SIGNAL("clicked()"), self.DeviceConnect)  
     self.connect(self.toggle1_btn, SIGNAL("clicked()"), self.toggleLED1)  
     self.connect(self.toggle2_btn, SIGNAL("clicked()"), self.toggleLED2)  
     self.connect(self.update_timer, SIGNAL("timeout()"), self.updatePotPosition)  
     
   def DeviceConnect(self):  
     self.device = UsbPic(0x04d8, 0x0204) # Microchip Vendor ID and Product ID  
     if self.device.open():  
       self.toggle1_btn.setEnabled(True)  
       self.toggle2_btn.setEnabled(True)  
       self.update_timer.start(200) # update every 200ms  
       self.status_label.setText('Connected to:\n %s' %self.device.getDeviceName())  
     else:  
       self.toggle1_btn.setEnabled(False)  
       self.toggle2_btn.setEnabled(False)  
       self.update_timer.stop()  
       self.status_label.setText('Warning:\n No Device Found!')  
     
   def toggleLED1(self):  
     self.device.write(1, [0x80], 1000)  
       
   def toggleLED2(self):  
     self.device.write(1, [0x82], 1000)  
     
   def updatePotPosition(self):  
     self.device.write(1, [0x81])  
     byteread = self.device.read(0x81, 64)  
     if len(byteread)>1:  
       self.pot_position.setValue(byteread[1])  
   
 if __name__ == '__main__':  
   app = QApplication(sys.argv)  
   form = SimpleForm()  
   form.show()  
   sys.exit(app.exec_())  
   

And finally, the actual circuit in action:


additional useful links:
Microchip USB Framework for PIC18, PIC24 & PIC32
LibUSB Win32

PIC18F2550 USB HID Mouse

As my first step in learning on how to interface on PC USB ports, I copied the example source code for usb hid mouse by CCS C compiler. It's just a simple demo, moving the mouse pointer into a circular pattern, but it already gave me enough confidence because this example code works on my simple circuit. Since there's no problem with the circuit, I've continued with the next step which is the familiarization with the code routines/functions by modifying them (i.e. experimenting with the example code).

CCS C uses the usb_put_packet() command to send one packet to the usb host(PC), e.g. usb_put_packet(1, out_data, 4, USB_DTS_TOGGLE). The out_data parameter is an array of 4 elements (i.e. int8 out_data[4]). The first byte of out_data correspond to the state of mouse buttons, the second and third are for the x and y directions, while the last byte is for mouse wheel.

After experimenting with the usb_put_packet() function, I came up with this modified demo code for usb hib mouse. Instead of only moving the mouse pointer, I've configured it to 'draw some lines' on Microsoft Paint. And this was the result:


Here's the code used in that demo video:

 // USB HID Mouse draws "usb pic18F2550" on MS Paint
#include <18F2550.h>
#fuses HSPLL,NOWDT,NOPROTECT,NOLVP,NODEBUG,USBDIV,PLL5,CPUDIV1,VREGEN
#use delay(clock=48000000)

#define USB_HID_DEVICE TRUE
#define USB_EP1_TX_ENABLE USB_ENABLE_INTERRUPT
#define USB_EP1_TX_SIZE 8
#include <pic18_usb.h>
#include <usb_desc_mouse.h>
#include <usb.c>

#define delay 20
#define scale 17
void draw_vertical(int8 direction)
{
int8 data[4], count = 0;
data[0] = 1;
data[1] = 0;
data[2] = direction;
data[3] = 0;
while(count<scale){
 if(usb_put_packet(1, data,4,USB_DTS_TOGGLE)) count++;
 delay_ms(delay);
}
}
void draw_horizontal(int8 direction)
{
int8 data[4], count = 0;
data[0] = 1;
data[1] = direction;
data[2] = 0;
data[3] = 0;
while(count<scale){
 if(usb_put_packet(1, data,4,USB_DTS_TOGGLE)) count++;
 delay_ms(delay);
}
}
void move_pointer(int8 x_direction, int8 y_direction)
{
int8 data[4], count = 0;
data[0] = 0;
data[1] = x_direction;
data[2] = y_direction;
data[3] = 0;
while(count<scale){
 if(usb_put_packet(1, data,4,USB_DTS_TOGGLE)) count++;
 delay_ms(delay);
}
}
void main(void)
{
usb_init_cs();

while (TRUE) {
 usb_task();
 if (usb_enumerated())
 {
   // 'u'
   draw_vertical(5);
   draw_horizontal(4);
   draw_vertical(-5);
   // 's'
   move_pointer(1,5);
   draw_horizontal(5);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   draw_horizontal(-4);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   draw_horizontal(4);
   // 'b'
   move_pointer(2,-4);
   draw_vertical(8);
   draw_horizontal(4);
   draw_vertical(-5);
   draw_horizontal(-4);
   // 'p'
   move_pointer(7,4);
   draw_horizontal(4);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   draw_horizontal(-4);
   draw_vertical(6);
   // 'i'
   move_pointer(5,-3);
   draw_vertical(-4);
   // 'c'
   move_pointer(4,3);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   // '1'
   move_pointer(2,-4);
   draw_vertical(6);
   // '8'
   move_pointer(2,-3);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   draw_vertical(3);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   draw_vertical(3);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   // 'F'
   move_pointer(2,4);
   draw_vertical(-7);
   draw_horizontal(4);
   move_pointer(-1,3);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   // '2'
   move_pointer(4,-1);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   draw_vertical(3);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   draw_vertical(3);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   // '5'
   move_pointer(2,0);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   draw_vertical(-3);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   // '5'
   move_pointer(5,0);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   draw_vertical(3);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   draw_vertical(3);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   // '0'
   move_pointer(5,0);
   draw_vertical(-5);
   draw_horizontal(3);
   draw_vertical(5);
   draw_horizontal(-3);
   // line
   move_pointer(0,7);
   draw_horizontal(-22);
   draw_vertical(2);
   draw_horizontal(22);
  
  
   delay_ms(5000);
 }
}
}

then the HEX file generated using CCS Microchip C PCH v4.088 compiler:

 :020000040000FA  
 :040000005EEF07F0B8  
 :08000800056ED8CF06F0E0CF31  
 :1000100007F00001E9CF0DF0EACF08F0E1CF09F0D9  
 :10002000E2CF0AF0D9CF0BF0DACF0CF0F3CF14F017  
 :10003000F4CF15F0FACF16F000C00FF001C010F0A9  
 :1000400002C011F003C012F004C013F0A0AA2CEFFC  
 :1000500000F0A1BA2EEF06F00FC000F010C001F0C2  
 :1000600011C002F012C003F013C004F00DC0E9FF8C  
 :1000700008C0EAFF088E09C0E1FF0AC0E2FF0BC01A  
 :10008000D9FF0CC0DAFF14C0F3FF15C0F4FF16C08F  
 :10009000FAFF055007C0E0FF06C0D8FF1000F76A5E  
 :1000A000AE0FF66E000EF7220900F55012000403A1  
 :1000B0000000000000000000000000000000F76ADF  
 :1000C000CE0FF66E000EF7220900F5501200040064  
 :1000D0000000000000000000000000000000F76ABF  
 :1000E000EE0FF66E000EF7220900F55012004000E8  
 :1000F00008000000000000000000000000000000F8  
 :100100000000000000000000000000000000F76A8E  
 :100110001E0FF66E010EF7220900F5501200400086  
 :1001200000000000000000000000000000000000CF  
 :100130000000000000000000000000000000F76A5E  
 :100140004E0FF66E010EF7220900F5501200050160  
 :100150000902A1010901A1000509190129031500DE  
 :100160002501950375018102950175058101050140  
 :100170000930093109381581257F750895038106F5  
 :10018000C0C0F76A920FF66E010EF7220900F55013  
 :1001900012000000F76AA40FF66E010EF7220900A4  
 :1001A000F55012003400F76AB60FF66E010EF72212  
 :1001B0000900F550120009022200010100C03209B5  
 :1001C00004000001030102000921000100012234A2  
 :1001D000000705810308000AF76AE80FF66E010EB2  
 :1001E000F7220900F55012000100F76AFA0FF66EC7  
 :1001F000010EF7220900F550120012011001000053  
 :10020000004061042200000101020001F76A1C0F96  
 :10021000F66E020EF7220900F550120000040C00E1  
 :10022000F76A300FF66E020EF7220900F550120041  
 :100230000403090408034300430053001C03430064  
 :1002400043005300200055005300420020004D00A1  
 :100250006F007500730065006D926994689439EFC2  
 :1002600006F06A6A689242EF06F03E6A3E520AE180  
 :10027000036A3E50240FE96E000E0320EA6EEF6A17  
 :100280003E2AF4D71A6A010E1B6E196A000C010E81  
 :10029000476E47500F080EE3700E4724016E0F0E95  
 :1002A000036ED8B0032A01C0E9FF03C0EAFFEF6A7A  
 :1002B000472AEFD71E6A1D6A000C400E0401016F29  
 :1002C000050E036F026B880E006F046B050E076F3F  
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 :0410B00013D703004F  
 :020000040030CA  
 :0E000000240E3E1E008381000FC00FE00F4053  
 :00000001FF  
 ;PIC18F2550  
 ;CRC=1458 CREATED="15-Nov-09 13:45"  

Also, the first hex code that worked on my circuit
(mouse pointer in circular movement):

 :020000040000FA
:040000001EEF07F0F8
:08000800056ED8CF06F0E0CF31
:1000100007F00001E9CF0DF0EACF08F0E1CF09F0D9
:10002000E2CF0AF0D9CF0BF0DACF0CF0F3CF14F017
:10003000F4CF15F0FACF16F000C00FF001C010F0A9
:1000400002C011F003C012F004C013F0A0AA2CEFFC
:1000500000F0A1BA43EF06F00FC000F010C001F0AD
:1000600011C002F012C003F013C004F00DC0E9FF8C
:1000700008C0EAFF088E09C0E1FF0AC0E2FF0BC01A
:10008000D9FF0CC0DAFF14C0F3FF15C0F4FF16C08F
:10009000FAFF055007C0E0FF06C0D8FF1000F76A5E
:1000A000AE0FF66E000EF7220900F55012000403A1
:1000B0000000000000000000000000000000F76ADF
:1000C000CE0FF66E000EF7220900F5501200040064
:1000D0000000000000000000000000000000F76ABF
:1000E000EE0FF66E000EF7220900F55012004000E8
:1000F00008000000000000000000000000000000F8
:100100000000000000000000000000000000F76A8E
:100110001E0FF66E010EF7220900F5501200400086
:1001200000000000000000000000000000000000CF
:100130000000000000000000000000000000F76A5E
:100140004E0FF66E010EF7220900F5501200050160
:100150000902A1010901A1000509190129031500DE
:100160002501950375018102950175058101050140
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:10018000C0C0F76A920FF66E010EF7220900F55013
:1001900012000000F76AA40FF66E010EF7220900A4
:1001A000F55012003400F76AB60FF66E010EF72212
:1001B0000900F550120009022200010100C03209B5
:1001C00004000001030102000921000100012234A2
:1001D000000705810308000AF76AE80FF66E010EB2
:1001E000F7220900F55012000100F76AFA0FF66EC7
:1001F000010EF7220900F550120012011001000053
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:1002900057EF06F03E6A3E520AE1036A3E50240FD1
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:1002B000010E1B6E196A000C010E476E47500F08A5
:1002C0000EE3700E4724016E0F0E036ED8B0032AA2
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:100330006D8263EF06F0689C69EF06F070A002D052
:10034000D1DF7090689A6FEF06F042C020F0000C89
:10035000FF0E206E000C406A23523EE040503F08E2
:100360003BE31C50FC0F2BE2040FF6EF01F0036A95
:100370002250F2CF42F0F29E16DF42BEF28E416E64
:100380001ED0036A2250F2CF42F0F29ED8DE42BE67
:10039000F28E416E14D0036A2250F2CF42F0F29EE8
:1003A0003FDF42BEF28E416E0AD0036A2250F2CF86
:1003B00042F0F29E1ADF42BEF28E416E00D0222A37
:1003C00023064050402A036A400FE96E050E0320C1
:1003D000EA6E41C0EFFFC0D7235204E1405040080D
:1003E00001E0196A40C042F0B0DF000CE824F76A6F
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:100400000800F550F96E6E0382039603AA03226A70
:100410001C6A05010351010A000109E0030A0CE00E
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:10046000F29EDEDE40BEF28E236E3BD0120E226E76
:10047000223C01D00BD0036A2250F2CF40F0F29E12
:1004800092DE40BEF28E236E2CD002D061DF35D0DA
:10049000D89005010435036AF2CF40F0F29E0001C6
:1004A00070DE0900F5CF03F040BEF28E226E223CD2
:1004B00001D013D0010E1C6ED89005010435036ADB
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:1004E0000CD00501075305E12350065D02E206C565
:1004F00023F0010E196E00012EDF000C3F5204E1C3
:10050000040E1F6ED9DEC1D0050E1F6E426E800E26
:10051000416E010E406E40500F08D8A0B6D0436A1D
:10052000036A4050F2CF47F0F29EC9DD47BEF28E1B
:10053000000A51E0040E436ED8904034036AF2CFB3
:1005400047F0F29EE4DD0900F5CF03F047BEF28EDE
:10055000446E03C045F04050080DF350010F016E8A
:10056000040E036ED8B0032A01C0E9FF03C0EAFFFE
:1005700044C0EFFF4050080DF350020F016E040E0F
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Scrolling Message Display on a DMM

Recently, I came across this Python package for GPIB interfacing. It's called PyVISA, and it's relatively easy to use even if you don't have backgrounds on Python programming language. As part of my experiments on Python PC interfacing, I managed to borrow an equiptment having a GPIB port.The Agilent (HP)34410A Digital Multimeter (DMM), it's one of the commonly used equipments in our workplace. While reading the 'remote programming' manual of this DMM, I found out that it is capable of displaying text (e.g. alphanumerics) on its front panel display. The GPIB command is fairly simple, just send DISPlay:TEXT + the qouted message. (e.g. DISP:TEXT "hello" ). The message to be displayed is up to 12 characters long.


the PyVISA python script for scrolling message:

 import visa, time  
   
 hp = visa.Instrument('GPIB::2')  
   
 def display(msg):  
   hp.write('DISP:TEXT ' + '"' + msg + '"')  
     
 message = '   scrolling message display on Agilent HP34410A using Python PyVISA. by yus Electronicslab.ph'  
   
 for count in range(100):  
   for i in range( len(message)):  
     #display(message[i:(i+12)])  
     display(message[i:(i+12)].upper())  
     time.sleep(0.3)

demo:


forum link: GPIB (General Purpose Interface Bus, IEEE-488)

PySerial DTR and RTS Manipulation

Another application using (Python) PyQt and PySerial: a simple serial port LED blinker program.

two LEDs connected to DTR and RTS of a COM port (pins 4 and 7 of DB9):

simple python py script:

 import sys, serial  
 from PyQt4.QtGui import *  
 from PyQt4.QtCore import *  
   
 class MyForm(QDialog):  
   def __init__(self, parent = None):  
     super(MyForm, self).__init__(parent)  
     self.setWindowTitle('PySerial DTR and RTS Manipulation')  
     self.setMinimumSize(300, 100)  
     # widgets  
     DTRlabel, RTSlabel = QLabel(), QLabel()  
     self.DTRbutton = QPushButton('set to Logic "True"')  
     self.RTSbutton = QPushButton('set to Logic "True"')  
     self.DTRcheckbox = QCheckBox('continuous toggle')  
     self.RTScheckbox = QCheckBox('continuous toggle')  
     # layout  
     layout = QGridLayout()  
     layout.addWidget(DTRlabel, 0, 0)  
     layout.addWidget(RTSlabel, 0, 1)  
     layout.addWidget(self.DTRbutton, 1, 0)  
     layout.addWidget(self.RTSbutton, 1, 1)  
     layout.addWidget(self.DTRcheckbox, 2, 0)  
     layout.addWidget(self.RTScheckbox, 2, 1)  
     self.setLayout(layout)  
     # serial port  
     self.port = serial.Serial('COM1')  
     DTRlabel.setText("<font size = 5 color = darkred><b> " +self.port.name + " DTR pin:</b></font>")  
     RTSlabel.setText("<font size = 5 color = darkred><b> " +self.port.name + " RTS pin:</b></font>")  
     self.DTRlogic, self.RTSlogic = False, False  
     self.port.setDTR(self.DTRlogic)  
     self.port.setRTS(self.RTSlogic)  
     # events  
     self.connect(self.DTRbutton, SIGNAL('clicked()'), self.toggleDTR)  
     self.connect(self.RTSbutton, SIGNAL('clicked()'), self.toggleRTS)  
     self.DTRtimer , self.RTStimer = QTimer(), QTimer()  
     self.connect(self.DTRtimer, SIGNAL('timeout()'), self.eventDTRtimer)  
     self.DTRtimer.start(250) # in milliseconds  
     self.connect(self.RTStimer, SIGNAL('timeout()'), self.eventRTStimer)  
     self.RTStimer.start(100) # in milliseconds  
     
   def toggleDTR(self):  
     self.DTRbutton.setText('set to Logic "' + str(self.DTRlogic) + '"')  
     self.DTRlogic = not self.DTRlogic # invert logic  
     self.port.setDTR(self.DTRlogic)  
   def toggleRTS(self):  
     self.RTSbutton.setText('set to Logic "' + str(self.RTSlogic) + '"')  
     self.RTSlogic = not self.RTSlogic # invert logic  
     self.port.setRTS(self.RTSlogic)  
   def eventDTRtimer(self):  
     if self.DTRcheckbox.isChecked():  
       self.toggleDTR()  
   def eventRTStimer(self):  
     if self.RTScheckbox.isChecked():  
       self.toggleRTS()  
       
 if __name__ == '__main__':  
   app = QApplication(sys.argv)  
   form = MyForm()  
   form.show()  
   sys.exit(app.exec_())  
   

demo:

*the 'blink' rate depends on QTimer timeout period

forum link: serial port LED blinker

Portable Eric 4 Python IDE

Portable ERIC Integrated Development Environment for the Python programming language. Eric 4.3.8 (r3477)

What is Eric?
Eric is a full featured Python and Ruby editor and IDE, written in python. It is based on the cross platform Qt gui toolkit, integrating the highly flexible Scintilla editor control. It is designed to be usable as everdays' quick and dirty editor as well as being usable as a professional project management tool integrating many advanced features Python offers the professional coder. eric4 includes a plugin system, which allows easy extension of the IDE functionality with plugins downloadable from the net.

download link: Portable Eric 4 Python IDE
*includes Eric 4 (w/ necessary plugins) + Python 2.6.3 + PyQt (Qt v4.5.2) + pyserial 2.5
*tested on Windows XP SP3

sample usage: PyCute Timer (PyQt + PySerial example)

Parallel Two Resistors

I made a small and simple application for finding a pair of resistors (with standard values) together having an equivalent resistance (to be connected in parallel) with the desired resistance value.

This one is created in Python S60 language. I'm using a Nokia 6120c operating at Symbian OS (S60v3).

Python S60 source code (PyS60 script):

 ####################################  
 # parallel two resistors v1.05  #  
 # yus projectproto.blogspot.com/ #  
 ####################################  
 import appuifw  
 from appuifw import *  
 import e32  
 from graphics import *  
 decades_E24 = u"1.0,1.1,1.2,1.3,1.5,1.6,1.8,2.0,2.2,2.4,2.7,3.0,3.3,3.6,3.9,4.3,4.7,5.1,5.6,6.2,6.8,7.5,8.2,9.1"  
 decades_E12 = u"1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2"  
 decades = decades_E12  #initial, set to E12 series  
 excluded_parts = u""   #initial, no excluded parts  
 #define colors: black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, violet, grey, white, gold, silver  
 colors = [0x000000, 0x804040, 0xff0000, 0xff8000, 0xffff00, 0x008000, 0x0000ff, 0x800080, 0xc0c0c0, 0xffffff,   
 0x808040, 0x808080]  
 Rdesired = u"12.3" #initial desired value  
 excludeds = appuifw.Text()  
 excludeds.font = (None, 20, None)  
 excludeds.add(excluded_parts)  
 base = appuifw.Text()  
 base.font = (None, 20, None)  
 base.set(decades)  
 # define an initial image (white)  
 img = Image.new((240,320))  #(horizontal, vertical)  
 # define your redraw function (that redraws the picture on and on)  
 def main_handle_redraw(rect):  
   main_canvas.blit(img)  # redraw the image named img using the blit function  
 # define the canvas, include the redraw callback function  
 main_canvas = appuifw.Canvas(event_callback=None, redraw_callback=main_handle_redraw)  
 def initialize():  
   appuifw.app.screen='normal'  # set the screen size to large  
   main_canvas_setup()  
   appuifw.app.exit_key_handler = quit  
   main_canvas_setup()  
   img.clear(0x0080f0)  
   appuifw.app.menu = []  #create the menu  
   appuifw.app.menu.append((u"input resistance",get_desired_resistance))  
   appuifw.app.menu.append((u"select decades set", decades_setup))  
   appuifw.app.menu.append((u"add excluded parts", excluded_parts_setup))  
   appuifw.app.menu.append((u"about", about))  
   appuifw.app.menu.append((u"exit", quit))  
   img.text((5,70), u"press 'options'->'input resistance'", 0xfff000, font=(None,12,FONT_BOLD))  
   img.text((5,90), u"then, type the desired resistance value", 0xfff000, font=(None,12,FONT_BOLD))  
   img.text((170,200), u"'yus 09", 0xff8040, font=(None,18,FONT_BOLD))  
   main_canvas.blit(img)  
 def about():  
   appuifw.note(u"Parallel 2R v1.04\n   by: 'yus", 'info')  
 def main_canvas_setup():  
   appuifw.app.title = u"Parallel 2R"  
   appuifw.app.body = main_canvas  
   appuifw.app.exit_key_handler = quit  
 def decades_setup():  
   global decades  
   appuifw.app.title = u"decade values"  
   options = [u"E12 series", u"E24 series", u"customize"]  
   decades_select = appuifw.popup_menu(options, u"Select decade series:")  
   if decades_select == 0:  
     decades = decades_E12      
   if decades_select == 1:  
     decades = decades_E24  
   if decades_select == 2:  
     appuifw.app.body = base  
     decades = base.get()  
     appuifw.app.exit_key_handler = main_canvas_setup  
   base.set(decades)  
 def excluded_parts_setup():  
   global excluded_parts  
   global excludeds  
   appuifw.app.title = u"excuded parts"  
   appuifw.app.body = excludeds  
   excluded_parts = excludeds.get()  
   appuifw.app.exit_key_handler = main_canvas_setup  
 def get_desired_resistance():  
   global Rdesired  
   global decades  
   global excluded_parts  
   global ex_parts  
   global excludeds  
   decades = base.get()  
   excluded_parts = excludeds.get()  
   ex_parts = (u"0,0" + excluded_parts).split(",")  
   main_canvas_setup()  
   Rdesired = appuifw.query(u"desired resistance (\u03A9)", 'text', Rdesired) # u"\u03A9" -> ohm symbol  
   R1_base, R1_multiplier, R2_base, R2_multiplier = find_equivalent_2R()  
   R1 = float(R1_base)* float(10**int(R1_multiplier))  
   img.clear(0x0080f0)  
   img.text((10,40), u"desired R = " + Rdesired + u" \u03A9", 0xfff000, font=(None,18,FONT_BOLD))  
   img.text((20,65), u"R1 = " + u"%.1f" % R1 + u" \u03A9", 0xfff000, font=(None,18,FONT_BOLD))  
   color_code(0, R1_base, R1_multiplier)  
   if R2_base == u"open":  
     R_equivalent = R1  
     error = compute_error(R1*2, R1*2)*100  
   else:  
     R2 = float(R2_base)* float(10**int(R2_multiplier))  
     R_equivalent = (R1*R2)/(R1+R2)  
     error = compute_error(R1, R2)*100  
     img.text((20,135), u"R2 = " + u"%.1f" % R2 + u" \u03A9", 0xfff000, font=(None,18,FONT_BOLD))  
     color_code(1, R2_base, R2_multiplier)  
   img.text((10,200), u"Req = " + u"%.5f" % R_equivalent + u" \u03A9", 0xfff000, font=(None,18,FONT_BOLD))  
   img.text((10,225), u"error = " + u"%.7f" % error + u" %", 0xfff000, font=(None,18,FONT_BOLD))  
 def find_equivalent_2R():  
   global Rdesired  
   global decades  
   ex_parts = (u"0,0" + excluded_parts).split(",")  
   r1_base = r2_base = u"1.0" #initial values  
   r1_multiplier = r2_multiplier = u"-2"  
   r1 = r2 = 0.0001  
   e = compute_error(r1, r2)  
   decade_values = decades.split(",")  
   for i in decade_values:  
     for j in range(-2,7):  
       r1 = float(i) * float(10**j)  # i * (10^j)  
       if pwede(r1) == False:  
         continue        
       elif r1 == float(Rdesired):  
         r1_base, r1_multiplier, r2_base, r2_multiplier = i, j, u"open", u"open"  
         return r1_base, r1_multiplier, r2_base, r2_multiplier  # _r2 is open  
       elif compute_error(r1*2, r1*2) < e:  
         r1_base, r1_multiplier, r2_base, r2_multiplier = i, j, u"open", u"open"  
         e = compute_error(r1*2, r1*2)  
       for m in decade_values:  
         for n in range(-2,7):  
           r2 = float(m) * float(10**n)  # m * (10^n)  
           if r2 < r1:  
             continue  
           elif compute_error(r1, r2) < e and pwede(r2):  
             r1_base, r1_multiplier, r2_base, r2_multiplier = i, j, m, n  
             e = compute_error(r1, r2)  
   return r1_base, r1_multiplier, r2_base, r2_multiplier  
 def compute_error(R1, R2):  
   global Rdesired  
   Rin = float(Rdesired)  
   Req = (R1 * R2)/(R1 + R2)  
   error = (Req - Rin)/Rin  
   if error < 0:  
     error *= -1   #absolute value  
   return (error)  
 def pwede(value):  
   global ex_parts  
   valid = True  
   for i in ex_parts:  
     #if value == float(i): #having problems with "float" variables precision  
     diff = (float(i)-value)/value  
     if diff < 0:  
       diff *= -1 #absolute value  
     if diff < 0.0000000001: #tolerance for precision error  
       valid = False  
   return (valid)  
 def color_code(pos, base, multiplier):  
   global colors  
   digits = base.split(".")  
   band1 = colors[int(digits[0])]  
   band2 = colors[int(digits[1])]  
   multiplier -= 1  
   if multiplier == -3:  
     band3 = None  
   elif multiplier == -2:  
     band3 = colors[11]  
   elif multiplier == -1:  
     band3 = colors [10]  
   else:  
     band3 = colors[int(multiplier)]  
   band4 = colors[10] # gold (default tolerance)  
   #'draw' a typical resistor  
   img.rectangle((40,85 +pos*70,210,95 +pos*70), fill=colors[8])  # terminals  
   img.rectangle((100,70 +pos*70,160,110 +pos*70), fill=(250,200,120)) # body  
   img.ellipse((75,67 +pos*70,110,113 +pos*70), fill=(250,200,120)) # left edge  
   img.ellipse((147,67 +pos*70,182,113 +pos*70), fill=(250,200,120)) # right edge  
   #color bands  
   img.rectangle((100,70 +pos*70,110,110 +pos*70), fill=band1) # 1st digit  
   img.rectangle((113,70 +pos*70,123,110 +pos*70), fill=band2) # 2nd digit  
   img.rectangle((126,70 +pos*70,136,110 +pos*70), fill=band3) # 'zeroes'  
   img.rectangle((148,70 +pos*70,158,110 +pos*70), fill=band4) # tolerance  
 # create an exit handler  
 def quit():  
   app_lock.signal()  
 initialize()  
 app_lock = e32.Ao_lock()  
 app_lock.wait()  

.. don't have a symbian phone? try an S60 Emulator:

I also have a PC(Windows) version created in MS Visual C# (*requires dotNET Framework):
download: parallel 2R.rar
forum link: parallel two resistors

USB-based Loader circuit for DS89C4x0

Here's an alternative flash loader/programmer circuit for Maxim's DS89C4x0 microcontrollers. Most of the circuit parts came from a cheap Nokia data cable bought at CDR-King.

from the conventional "Serial Load Hardware Configuration":
to this one:*uses PL2303 from this cable: CHEAP USB-serial interface cable for our MCU projects!
*completely USB-powered
*no other addtional IC (e.g 74xx125)
**but still need to place the external crystal on the DS89C4x0

inside the cdrking's nokia data cable:
connections (tapping of wires):
actual circuit:*has a pull-up on P3.7 pin (only for some batches of ds89c420 as indicated in their errata)

the 40-pin DIP DS89C420 (obsolete part):
the MTK (Loader software):*the actual hardware is not working with version 2.4.10
*works also with Loader420 and hyperterminal..
dalsemi.com/microcontroller/dev_tool_software/mtk/obsolete/

demo ("classic" LED blinker program):

SDCC code:Compiled using M-IDE with SDCC